Cassandra as a Tragic Figure :: essays research papers

Cassandra as a Tragic Figure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cassandra is a tragic figure in Agamemnon. She is destroyed by a web of circumstances beyond her control, but not beyond her awareness. Cassandra has full knowledge of what is going to happen, yet she cannot change the tragic events. Cassandra’s tragic role is Agamemnon is best filled in three instances: as Cassandra is getting out of the chariot, during her dialogue with the leader of the chorus when she reveals her prophecy, and as she is approaching the doors to face her death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cassandra is waiting in the chariot and the leader of the chorus persuades her to come out of the chariot. Cassandra is very hesitant to get out of the chariot because she knows what is about to happen: â€Å"God of the long road, Apollo Apollo my destroyer-you destroy me once, destroy me twice-â€Å"(145.1078.1080) Cassandra has already been destroyed by having true prophecy that no one will believe and once again she knows she is going to be destroyed by murder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cassandra begins to have dialogue with the Leader of the chorus. The Leader does not understand what is being said so Cassandra finally says, â€Å"Agamemnon, you will see him dead.†(153.1259) At this point this Leader says, â€Å"Peace, poor girl! Put those words to sleep.†(153.1260) The Leader thinks that she is just imaging things and that what she says is not possible. Cassandra cannot do a thing to stop what is about to happen, yet she is completely aware of what is going to happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end, Cassandra walks toward the doors of the house to face her fate. She realizes that there is nothing left that she can do: â€Å"Well, I must go in now, mourning Agamemnon’s death and mine. Enough of life!†(157.1335.1337) Cassandra knows her death is closer now than ever before, but she does not try to fight it. She has no control over what happens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cassandra is a tragic figure in Agamemnon who is destroyed by a web of circumstances beyond her control, but not beyond her

Hymer International Operations Of National Firms Economics Essay

This study has discussed different theoretical model of FDI that takes topographic point. These theories briefly explicate why houses go to problem when set uping or geting abroad. Theories that use on this study are Hymer ‘s parts, merchandise life-cycle theory, caves theory, internalization theory, the eclectic paradigm, strategic motives of foreign direct investing and investing way development ( IDP ) theory. This study besides evaluates Honda automotive as an illustration on how they survive and compete in the competitory international markets nowadays with utilizing FDI theoretical accounts, statistics and theories. Based on these analyses, I feel that FDI takes an of import function to both foreign and host states and besides impact steadfast behavior or effects on host economic systems.IntroductionThis study will discourse Foreign Direct Investment theories and measure the FDI of a taking participant industry that chosen, Toyota, Japan. Foreign direct investing ( FDI ) is the name given to treat where a house from a state provides capital to an bing or newly-created house in another state ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . For illustration, a foreign house may make up one's mind to set-up production in the UK and by so making will prosecuting in the procedure known as FDI. Firms turn uping production in more than one state are frequently referred to as transnational endeavors ( MNEs ) . Tormenting ( 1981 ) notes there are two chief jobs with sing FDI. First, FDI is more than merely the transportation of capital, since merely as significantly it involves the transportation of engineering, direction and organisational accomplishments. Second, the resources are transferred within the house instead than between two independent parties in the market topographic point, as is the instance with capital ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . These factors give FDI own a alone cardinal theories and frequently cited as Hymer ( 1960 ) international operations of national houses ; Vernon à ¢â‚¬Ëœs ( 1966 ) merchandise life-cycle theory ; Cave ‘s ( 1971 ) horizontal and perpendicular theories ; Buckley and Casson ( 1976 ) Internalization theory ; Dunning ( 1977 ) eclectic theory ; Graham ( 1978 ) strategic behaviour of houses and John Dunning ( 1981 ) investing development way ( IDP ) theory. This study will get down by analyzing the Hymer ( 1960 ) theory. ( Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, theory, Japan FDI, Honda )Literature Review1.1 Hymer ( 1960 ) international operations of national housesHymer ‘s ( 1960 ) , who saw defects in the prevailing position that direct investings and portfolio were synonymous with one another. Hymer noted that direct investing was chiefly performed by houses in fabrication, whereas there was a predomination of fiscal administrations involved in portfolio investing ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . Hymer was besides explained why direct investings across assorted states ( Kogut, 1998 # 2 ) . Hymer ( 1960 ) expressed his dissatisfaction with the theory of indirect ( or portfolio ) capital transportations to explicate the foreign value-added activities of houses ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . In peculiar, he identified three grounds for his discontent. The first was that one time uncertainness and hazard, the cost of geting information and volatile exchange rates and doing minutess were incorporated into classi cal portfolio theory, many anticipations, for illustration, with regard to the cross-border motions of money capital in response to involvement rate alterations, became nullified. This was because such market imperfectnesss modified the behavioral parametric quantities impacting public presentation of houses and the behavior and, in peculiar, scheme in serving foreign markets ( Tormenting, 2008 # 3 ) . Second, Hymer stated that FDI involved the transportation of a bundle of resource ( i.e engineering, entrepreneurship, direction accomplishments, and so on ) , and non merely finance capital which portfolio theories such as Iversen ( 1935 ) had sought to explicate. The 3rd and possibly most cardinal feature of FDI was that it involved no alteration in the ownership of resources or rights transferred, whereas indirect investing, which was transacted through the market, did ask such a alteration. In effects, the organizational mode of both the dealing of the resources, for illustration, intermediate merchandises, and the value-added activities linked by these minutess was different. Furthermore, Hymer ‘s theory of FDI draws its influence from Bain ‘s ( 1956 ) barriers to entry theoretical account of industrial economic sciences ( Teece, 1985 ) . Hymer Begins by observing that there are barriers to entry for a house desiring to set-up production abroad. These are in the signifier of uncertainness, hazard, and host-country patriotism ( Kogut, 1998 # 2 ) . Uncertainty gives rise to costs in get the better ofing informational disadvantages associated with strangeness with local imposts. Each state has its ain linguistic communications, legal system, economic system and authorities, which place houses from exterior of the state at a disadvantage compared to houses that are of course resident to the state. The 2nd barrier is chauvinistic favoritism by host states, which may happen by the authorities with a protectionist docket, or by consumers of the host st ate who prefer to buy goods from ain national houses for grounds of loyal or trueness inclinations. The concluding barrier manifests itself as an exchange rate hazard ( Kogut, 1998 # 2 ) . As the house has to pay a dividend to its stockholders in the place state it has to repatriate the net incomes back to its ain currency. Given these barriers to international productions, why do houses prosecute in foreign direct investing? Harmonizing to Hymer there are two grounds, whether of which could use, and both of which are expected to increase its net incomes ( Kogut, 1998 # 2 ) . First, the house removes competition from within the industry, by taking-over or by unifying with houses in other states. Second, the house has advantages over other houses runing in a foreign state. Examples of the latter are the ability of the house to get factors of production at a lower cost, the usage of better distributional installations, the ownership of cognition non known to its challengers or a differentiated merchandise that is now known in the other state. Both grounds stress the importance of ‘market imperfectnesss ‘ ( Dunning and Rugman, 1985 ) , and underlying these the investor has direct control of the investing. Overall, these grounds are non sufficient for a house to prosecute in direct foreign investing, as what is necessary is that it must come in the foreign market in order to to the full allow the net incomes, for illustration, a house could licence its merchandise to a house in the foreign state, so that it need non straight put in the market. However, there are jobs with licencing the merchandise. These include the failure to make an understanding with the licensing house over the degrees of end product or monetary values, or the costs involved in the monitoring an understanding made between the houses.1.2 Product Life-Cycle TheoryVernon ( 1966 ) , argued that â€Å" the determination to turn up production is non made by standard factor-cost or labour-cost analysis, but by a more complicated procedure † ( Kogut, 1998 # 2, p.29 ) . The merchandise rhythm theoretical account was introduced in the 1960s to explicate market-seeking production by houses of a peculiar ownership or na tionality ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . On the other manus, the merchandise rhythm was the first dynamic reading of the determiners of, and relationship between, international trade and foreign production ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . It besides introduced some fresh hypotheses sing demand stimulations, engineering leads and slowdowns, and information and communicating costs, which have later proved utile tools in the survey of foreign production and exchange ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Harmonizing to Vernon, a merchandise has a life rhythm that has three chief phases. These phases are of import as they have deductions for the international location of a merchandise as follows. Phase One: Merchandise development procedure. In other words, the nature of the merchandise that the house is doing is non standardised ( Kogut, 1998 # 2 ) . Phase Two: Maturing merchandise. This means that the demand for the merchandise to be situated near to its market diminutions, which allows for economic systems of graduated table. These impact on the locational determination of the house, particularly as the demand for the merchandise is likely to turn in other states, and the house will hold to make up one's mind whether it is deserving puting up production abroad. Furthermore, this could even intend that the place state experiences exports back to it from the foreign works. Phase Three: Standardized merchandise. This is an extension to the maturating merchandise phase, where the standardization of the merchandise has reached its ‘zenith ‘ , and a concluding model of the merchandise has been found ( Kogut, 1998 # 2 ) .1.3 Caves TheoryCaves ( 1971 ) , expanded upon Hymer ‘s theory of direct investing, and placed it steadfastly in the context of industrial administration theory ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . The importance of Caves work is that this theory will associate Hymer ‘s theory of international production to the so current theories of industrial administration on horizontal and perpendicular integrating. Caves identify between houses that engage in horizontal FDI and those that undertake perpendicular FDI ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . Horizontal FDI takes topographic point when a house enters into its ain merchandise market within a foreign state, whereas perpendicular FDI happens when a house enters into the merchandise market at a diffe rent phase of production ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) .1.4 Internalisation TheoryCoase ( 1937 ) , examines the function that dealing costs play in the formation of administrations known as internalization theory ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . In brief, Coase was concerned with why houses exist and why non all minutess in a n economic system occur in the market. Coase besides answered this in footings of the minutess costs involved in utilizing the market, where this is the cost of seeking and finding the market monetary value, or, one time the monetary value is found, the cost of dialogue, subscribing and enforcement of contracts between the parties involved in the dealing. The procedure of internalization is developed to explicate international production and FDI, and one of the taking advocates is Buckley and Casson ( 1976 ) . They present the MNE as basically an extension of the multi-plant house ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . Bucley and Casson note that the operations of house, particularly big houses, take the signifier non merely of bring forthing services and goods, but activities such as selling, preparation, development and research, direction techniques and engagement with fiscal markets. These activities are mutualist and are connected by ‘intermediate merchandises ‘ , taking the signifier of either cognition or stuff merchandises, and expertness. A cardinal intermediate merchandise in the internalization theory of FDI is knowledge. One ground is that cognition takes a considerable period of clip to bring forth, for illustration through development and research, but is extremely hazardous, so that hereafters markets do non be. Sellers of markets may be unwilling to unwrap information, which has unsure value to the purchaser, doing market fail. Further, Sellerss and purchasers of cognition can frequently keep a grade of market power, which leads to a ‘bilateral concentration of power ‘ ( Williamson, 1979 ) , and unsure results ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . These jobs indicate the terrible troubles in licensing and undertaking where information is important. In respects to internationalization, the public good belongings of cognition agencies it is easy transmitted within the house, irrespective of whether it is inside or across national boundaries. This creates internal markets across national boundaries, and as Buckley and Casson province, as houses search for and work cognition to their maximal potency they do so in legion locations, with this taking topographic point on an international graduated table, taking to a â€Å" web of workss on a global footing † ( Jones, 2006 # 1, p.45 ) . The internalization theories of FDI played an of import function in progressing and developing the theory of FDI in the 1970s and have remained popular since that clip ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) .1.5 The Eclectic Paradigm( Please refer to postpone 2.1 and 2.2 in reading this subdivision ) Reflecting upon the history of the theory of FDI, Dunning ( 1977 ) noted that it was really much couched in footings of either the structural market failure hypothesis of Hymer and Caves or the internalization attack of Buckley and Casson ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Tormenting provided an eclectic response to these by conveying the viing theories together to organize a individual theory, or paradigm as it is more frequently referred. The basic premiss of Dunning ‘s paradigm is that it links together Hymer ‘s ownership advantages with the internalization school, and at the same clip adds a locational dimension to the theory, which at the clip had non been to the full explored ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . Further, Dunning does pull off to present some new considerations, such as the impact that different state and industry features have on each of the ownership, locational and internalization advantages of FD ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . The eclectic paradigm of FDI provinces that a house will straight put in a foreign state merely if it fulfils three conditions. First, the house must possess an ownership-specific plus, which gives it an advantage over other houses and which are sole to the house. Second, it must internalize these assets within the house instead than through catching or licensing. Third, there must be an advantage in setting-up production in a peculiar foreign state instead than trusting on exports ( Blomstrom, 2000 # 8 ) . Different types of ownership ( O ) , locational ( L ) and internalization ( I ) factors are given in Table 1 ( jointly known as OLI ) ( Jones, 2006 # 1 ) . Internalization advantages are the ways that a house maximises the additions from their ownership advantages to avoid or get the better of market imperfectnesss ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Internalisation-specific advantages consequences in the procedure of production going internal to the house. Reasons for internalization include the turning away of dealing costs, the protection of the good, market and finance, turning away of duties and the ability to capture economic systems of graduated table from production ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . Furthermore, non all of the OLI conditions for FDI will be equally dispersed across states, and hence each status will be determined by the factors that are specific to single states ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Linkss between the OLI advantages and the country-specific features are summarised in Table 2. For illustration, the ownership-specific advantage of house size is likely to be influenced by market size in the house ‘s place state ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . This is because the larger the market is, the more likely will a house be able to derive ownership-specific advantages in the signifier of economic systems of graduated table. In footings of location-specific factors, labor costs will change across developed and developing states, while conveyance costs are determined by the distance between the host and place states. Finally, country-specific factors are likely to impact the grade to which houses internalise their advantages.1.6 Strategic Motivations of Foreign Direct Invest mentDespite the progresss made by the eclectic attack to FDI, the theory has been criticised for disregarding another facet of FDI theory. Knickerbocker ( 1973 ) , and so advanced by Graham ( 1978, 1998 ) . The distinguished characteristic of the strategic attack to FDI is that is believes that an initial influx of FDI into a state will bring forth a reaction signifier the local manufacturers in that state, so that FDI is a dynamic procedure. The procedure from the domestic manufacturers can either be aggressive or defensive in nature. An aggressive response would be a monetary value war or entry into the foreign house ‘s place market while a defensive response would be an acquisition or amalgamation of other domestic manufacturers to reenforce market power ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) .1.7 Investment Development Path TheoryJohn Dunning ‘s ‘investment development way ( IDP ) ‘ theory ( 1981 ) and its latest version ( Tormenting an Narula 1994 ) are implicitly built on the impression that the planetary economic system is needfully hierarchal in footings of the assorted phases of economic development in which its diverse component states are situated. The IDP basically traces out the net cross-border flows of industrial cognition, the flows that are internalised in foreign direct investing ( FDI ) and that restructure and upgrade the planetary economic system, although there is besides the non-equity type of cognition transportation such as licensing, turn-key operations, and the similar. In this manner, the IDP can therefore be position as a cross-border larning curve exhibited by a state that successfully move up the phases of development by geting industrial cognition from its more advanced ‘neighbours ‘ . A move from the ‘U-shaped ‘ ( i.e negative NOI ) part to the ‘wiggle ‘ subdivision of the IDP indicates an ‘equilibration in cognition airing ‘ ( Dunning, 1996 # 5, p.143 ) and that is, a narr owing of the industrial engineering spread between the advanced and the catching-up states. Therefore, IDP curve conceptualised by Dunning is an idealized form based on free-market exchanged of cognition among states ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) .Japan Automotive Industry2.1 Components-intensive assembly-based fabrication and FDI( first, trade-conflict-skirting, but subsequently rationalizing type )Cars and auto-parts had long been targeted by the Nipponese authorities as one of the most promising industries in which both higher technological advancement and productiveness were possible and whose merchandises were extremely income elastic. In add-on to cars, another components-intensive, assembly-based industry that successfully emerged in Japan in the 1970s was consumer electronics ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Both cars and consumer electronics came to capitalize really adroitly on Japan ‘s double industrial construction in which legion little and moderate-sized endeavor coexisted alongs ide a limited figure of large-scale houses ; the former specialised at the comparatively labor-intensive terminal, while the latter operated at the comparatively capital-intensive, scale-based terminal of vertically incorporate fabrication ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . Furthermore, it was besides in Japan ‘s car industry ( at Toyota Motor Co. , to be exact ) that a new fabrication paradigm, ‘lean ‘ or ‘flexible ‘ production, originated as a superior option to ‘Fordist ‘ mass production ( Womack, Jones and Roos, 1990 ) . This technological advancement came to be reflected in lifting engineering exports in the conveyance equipment ( largely, car ) industry. But the really success of constructing up the efficient, large-scale ( hence exploitative of scale/scope economic systems ) hierarchies of assembly operations in extremely differentiated cars and electronics goods, along with increased R & A ; D and technological accretion ( which is reflected in increasing engineering exports ) , resulted in Japan ‘s export thrust and spread outing trade excess. These state of affairss in bend rapidly led to merchandise issues and the crisp grasp of the hankering ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . To besiege protectionism, Nipponese manufacturers of cars and electronics goods began to replace their exports with local assembly operations in the Western markets, chiefly in North America and Europe. Meanwhile, they besides started to bring forth reasonably standardised ( Internet Explorer. Relatively low value added ) parts and constituents, or those that can be cost-effectively produced, locally, both in low-wage developing states, particularly in Asia, and in high-wage Western countries- in the latter, with the installing of labour-cost-reducing and labour-quality-augmenting mechanization equipment largely shipped from Japan. Therefore, a web of Nipponese abroad ventures began to ‘straddle ‘ the advanced host states and the developing host states at the same clip ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . Recently, these assembly-based FDIs are traveling beyond the trade-conflict-skirting stage to make a new stage of rationalised cross-border production and selling. More and more constituents are produced at supplied place to the abroad fabrication outstations. Besides, low-end merchandises ( theoretical accounts ) are assigned to production and selling in the developing host states, particularly in Asia ; some are imported back into Japan. Therefore, we can spot a more refined or more aggressively delineated and specialised signifier of trade within an industry ( i.e intra industry ) or more suitably within a house ( i.e intra- house trade ) and within a production procedure ( i.e inter-process trade ) , a new signifier of trade made possible by rationalisation-seeking type of FDI ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) .2.2 Toyota( Please refer to appendix 1 & A ; 2 in reading this subdivision ) The Nipponese market is the most amalgamate of all three markets. Toyota, is a multinational Nipponese international auto maker where headquartered in Aichi, Japan ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . Harmonizing to appendix 1, in 2011, Toyota was the 5th biggest multinational companies with foreign sale as 60.8 per centum of entire. Besides, it has 38 % of its 326,000 workers abroad ( Economist, 2012 # 7 ) . In 2009, Toyota entirely has 36.88 per centum of the rider auto market, 18.29 per centum of the truck market and 79.72 per centum of the coach market ( M.Rugman, 2012 # 6 ) . Excluding Japan, Toyota is the market leader in two of the six largest states in Asia Pacific which are Malaysia and Thailand ( M.Rugman, 2012 # 6 ) . Furthermore, in 2009, two regional markets accounted for 78 per centum of Toyota ‘s gross Asia ( with Japan at 48.3 per centum of grosss ) and North America ( at 29.70 per centum of grosss ) ; Europe was merely at 14.1 per centum of grosss and remainder of the unive rse 7.9 per centum, and therefore, it is a bi-region-focused company. Harmonizing to appendix 2, In term of units sold, the geographic distribution is similar where Asia and Oceania history for 14 per centum, North America 32 per centum and Europe 14 per centum. Therefore, in footings of gross and units sold, Toyota is a bi-regional company ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Over 10 old ages, Toyota ‘s intra-regional per centum of gross revenues has decreased from 57.1 per centum to 46.2 per centum. One major ground for this is the Nipponese market itself, where gross revenues decreased for 48.4 per centum of entire grosss in 1993 to 38.3 per centum in 2002. As comparing, North American, European, and non-triad gross revenues have steadily increased in importance. Toyota manufactures locally over two tierces of the auto sells in United States. Local reactivity is of import for Toyota. Toyota introduced its luxury theoretical accounts to suit the wealthier and aging North American babe boomers in the 1990s. Today, the company is presenting autos to aim the immature American client, the demographic reverberation of the babe boomers. Since 60 per centum of US auto purchasers remain loyal to the trade name of first auto, it is therefore imperative to serve this immature market ( M.Rugman, 2012 # 6 ) . Furthermore, American consumers, have been antiphonal to the company ‘s repute for lower monetary value and quality at which Toyota ‘s autos are sold ( M.Rugman, 2012 # 6 ) . Besides, the resale value is besides higher for Toyota autos. One major advantage for Toyota is that is has some of the best fabrication installations in the universe, and it combined this with first-class relationships with its providers. Until late, Toyota was one of the most efficient companies at outsourcing production to providers with whom it enjoys amicable long-run, sometimes keiretsu-style, relationship ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . If the car industry is to go more like the electronics industry, vehicle trade name proprietor ( VBOs ) , such as GM, and VW, will be the equivalent of original equipment makers ( OEMs ) in the electronics industry, such as Nokia, and will concentrate on designing, technology, and selling vehicles to be sold under their trade name while others take attention of fabrica tion ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Toyota is likely farther along this outsourcing path than other triad car shapers. Overall, although Toyota has much intra-regional trade and FDI, this does non intend that trade or FDI between them has declined ( M.Rugman, 2012 # 6 ) . As discussed, all of them have invested big sums of money in each other. For illustration, in 2008, the EU state has $ 1,622.911 billion of FDI in the United States and $ 86.915 billion in Japan. The United States imports $ 377 billion from the EU and $ 143.4 billion from Japan. So they are closely linked in footings of both trade and FDI ( M.Rugman, 2012 # 6 ) .3. DecisionsOverall, this study has reviewed the theoretical literature on foreign direct investing and Honda automotive in the FDI international markets. Since Hymer, there have been efforts to turn to a figure of issues, such as why FDI occurs and where it locates. This study has besides take on board developments in Dunning ‘s eclectic paradigm of FDI, which non merely encompasses ownership and internalization advantages of transnational endeavor, but the function t hat location dramas in a house ‘s determination to put abroad. Since the clip of the eclectic paradigm, other theories have emerged that have stressed the importance of the function of scheme in FDI in the face of ‘globalisation ‘ and a corresponding growing in competition between houses. In this, the function of the traditional barriers to entry across states, such as the differences in the legal, economic environments and lingual, have become less of import, and FDI is now be viewed as competition between a few houses on an international phase ( Dunning, 1996 # 5 ) . Tormenting ‘s IDP paradigm provides a challenging model to analyze the Nipponese industry experience, because the instance of Japan seems so ‘deviant ‘ from the ‘norm ‘ set Forth in the macro-IDP form. The Asiatic NIEs and the new NIEs ( ASEAN-4 ) and now ‘new ‘ new NIEs ( China, Vietnam and India ) have moulded their developmental schemes along the line of M NE- facilitated development in order to ‘swing up ‘ . Indeed, Japan automotive seems to hold been a function theoretical account for other East and South East Asiatic states to fit in their thrust to economic modernization. In add-on, to the high degree of international concern conducted across the three, companies in the three are invariably looking for new thoughts from other parts that will do them more competitory. In the United States, for illustration, the caput of the Federal Reserve System has expressed the belief that US antimonopoly patterns are out of day of the month and that rivals should be allowed to get and unify with each other in order to protect themselves from universe competition ( Dunning, 2008 # 3 ) . This thought has long been popular in Japan where Keiretsus, or concern groups, which consist of a host of companies that are linked together through ownership and/or joint ventures, dominate the local environment and are able to utilize their combined connexions and wealth to rule universe markets.( 2000 words )Table 1The Three Conditions of the Eclectic Theory Ownership-specific advantages ( internal to endeavors of one nationality ) Size of house Technology and trade Markss Management and organizational systems Entree to save capacity Economies of joint supply Greater entree to markets and cognition International chances such as diversifying hazard Location-specific advantage ( finding the location of production ) Distribution of inputs and markets Cost of labor, conveyance and stuffs costs between states Government intercession and policies Commercial and legal substructure Language, civilization and imposts ( ie psychic distance ) Internalisation-specific advantages ( get the better ofing market imperfectnesss ) Decrease in hunt, dialogue and monitoring costs Avoidance of belongings right enforcement costs Engage in monetary value favoritism Protection of merchandise Avoidance of duties Beginning: Dunning ( 1981 )Table 2Features of Countries and OLI-specific Advantages Owbnership-specific advantages State features Size of houseLarge marketsBroad attitudes to amalgamationsTechnology and trade MarkssGovernment support of inventionSkilled work forceManagement and organizational systemsSupply of trained directors.Educational installationsMerchandise distinctionHigh income statesDegrees of advertisement and sellingLocation-specific advantagesState featuresCostss of labor and stuffsDeveloped or developing stateConveyance costs between statesDistance between statesGovernment intercession and policiesAttitudes of authorities to FDIEconomies of graduated tableSize of marketsPsychic distanceSimilarities of states ‘ linguistic communications and civilizations.Internalisation-specific advantagesState featuresSearching negociating monitoring costs.Greater degrees of instruction and larger markets make cognition type ownership-specific advantages more likely to happen.Avoid costs of implementing belongings rights. Protection of merchandises. Beginning: Dunning ( 1981 )Appendix 1Degree centigrades: UsersuserDesktop20120714_woc582_5.png

The Methodology Used For This Study - 866 Words

The methodology used for this study is lesson study research which is a from of action research. Lesson study research methodology is classroom based, collaborative and professional learning originating from Japan. It is a ‘systematic investigation of classroom pedagogy conducted collectively by a group of teachers rather than by individuals, with the aim of improving the quality of teaching and learning’ (Tsui and Law 2007, p. 1294). Typically, a lesson study will involve small groups of teachers collaboratively planning a ‘research lesson’ which one teaches while other members of the team observe with a focus on the learning and participation of selected case pupils (Dudley 2013). The lesson is then evaluated and revised for further teaching to other groups (Hiebert and Stigler 2000). The process of lesson study research begins with teachers collaboratively identifying a learning barrier or a challenge that is present in their classroom. Teachers will the n respond to this by planning and evaluating a research designed lesson. One person will firstly teach the lesson whilst the other observes the pupil’s learning and how the learning barrier is being addressed. Lesson Study has been used successfully in the UK to improve teaching techniques and pupil progress in the core subjects in both primary and secondary schools and to develop wider approaches such as Assessment for Learning. The design of the lesson study followed the Peter Dudley case study model (Dudley, 2014).Show MoreRelatedTypes of Experimental Research Methodologies1387 Words   |  6 Pagesthe participants are in and the researchers do nothing to change the behavior of the participants. Natural observation is used when researchers are looking for a particular behavior but this can be a very time consuming method of research. The researcher has no guarantee that he or she will witness the particular behavior he or she is looking for. The second methodology used in gaining qualitative and quantitative data is the survey method. The survey method is a method that polls or questions aRead MoreDifferent Types Of Research Methodologies975 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Methodologies With the various types of research methodologies, one can classify them as medical, social, computer, or life science research. However, in computers and bioinformatics research methodology, the methods used are computational, computer simulation, iCloud, omics, and theoretical. Before starting any research, a literature review is required, for example, magazines, books, scholarly/peer reviewed journals, company sales, customer, and employee records. If in the medical fieldRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies953 Words   |  4 Pageshypothesis. Hence, it is important to have the balance of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in a combined methodologies research study. It is interesting to note that, one clear practical issue in combining both methods is the issue whether the combined methodologies are â€Å"genuinely integrated† (Bryman, 2007). Bryman further argued, to what extent do researchers who combined both methodologies analyse, interpret and write up their research in a way that both qualitative and quantitativeRead MoreBusiness And Process Conditions That Required The Application Of A Lean Transformation816 Words   |  4 Pagesapplication of the Four Stages of a Lean implementation? Their implementation of Lean followed the four stages of the Lean Methodology Strategy exposed by Nash, Poling, Ward (2006): Stage one: they identified what areas were the ones that needed improvement in the company, so they can make an assertive approach. at the same time, the trained the personnel on the Lean methodology, so everyone can have a clear understanding of where they were heading on their processes/cultural transformation. StageRead MoreWeek 1 RSCH 8300860 Words   |  4 Pagesare faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Researchers are sometimes using Quantitative and Qualitative research methodologies interchangeably, or all three of the methodologies including the mixed approach, Creswell (2009)Read MoreResearch Methodology For Adopting Mixed Method Approach1282 Words   |  6 PagesMethodology: In this chapter, the research methods commonly employed in social sciences, namely, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods will first be discussed. I shall then describe my own research design, including the philosophical approach I adopted. This approach will be explained by identifying the ontological and epistemological standpoints assumed. The research strategy will be clarified, and the sampling procedures and participants of the study will be described. The processes of dataRead MoreResearch On Scientific Communication And Research1672 Words   |  7 PagesStockholm University Department of Computer and Systems Sciences Course: Scientific Communication and Research Methodology FMVEK project 7.5 credits Autumn term 2014 Course instructor: Matti Tedre Facilitator: Ranil Peiris Colombage Table of Contents Abstract 3 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Research objectives 4 1.3 Research Questions 4 1.4 Limitations of the study 4 2. Methodology 5 2.1 Data Collection Methods 5 2.2 Participants / Sampling 6 2.3 Data Analysis 7 2.4 Research Ethics 7 3. ResultsRead MoreProject Analysis : Cloud Architectures1298 Words   |  6 Pagescomponents that Amazon Web Services offer. The author wished to find out if the application could enable a developer to match patterns through many web documents. In this regard, the researcher found it useful in bringing up on- demand millions of virtual servers. Further, Varia wanted to find out the best practices, which could be used on each of the web services provided by Amazon. The result would shed light in to whether the services could create an application that could be scaled using industrialRead MoreThe Effect Of Poor Nutrition On The Student s Academic Achievements1606 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of this research paper is to examine the impact of poor nutrition on the Student’s academic achievements. Therefore, this chapter presents and describes the methodology that is used in completing this research paper. The methodology will include the systematic as well as theoretical analysis of methods that will be applied in collecting data, and this is significant in proving whether the hypotheses have been confirmed or not. Inappropriately describe the methodology used in this paper, theRead MoreIf Cash Dividend Announcements Affect The Stock Prices Of Companies Listed On The Palestine Exchange1663 Words   |  7 PagesAbstra ct In this study, we used the event study methodology to examine if cash dividend announcements affect the stock prices of companies listed on the Palestine Exchange. We studied 62 events announced from 1/1/2006 to 31/12/2015. Appropriate statistical tests were used to examine if the cumulative abnormal return is statistically significant around the announcement day, namely, 10 days before and 10 days after the event day. Results reveal that statistically significant differences exist between

Essay on Classical Counts - 2195 Words

The music sways and sweeps itself through the mind of the listener. The piano, percussion instrument, violin and other choice instruments come together to form a musical fantasy. The positive effects of classical music on a person’s mental well-being can be shown through a fetus in the uterus, premature infants, and developing children due to the Mozart effect assisting in providing benefits that positively influence human life. So for an individual to help his or herself or their future child place in a Mozart mix and let the stress stray away and the rhythm and music of classical music seep into the brain’s pores. Classical music can be described as one of the more traditional genres of music. This genre of music helps provide a†¦show more content†¦Some everyday examples of rhythm responses include are a person’s breathing pulse and the way a baby cries. Some of these effects are short term while others are long term effects (O’Donnell). In an article titled â€Å"Psychology of Classical Music† information assisted in supporting the Mozart effect. There is a composer that has proved to take rhythmically breath away of researchers. The composer’s rhythm that has taken researchers into a backseat slumber is the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s composed pieces of music have been subjected to studies. His musical effects on the human have sparked a domino effect of new research. In recent time the Mozart effect has become subjected to studies on teenager’s brain functions. This composer’s musical fantasies work their way through the minds of the students at the same time the student’s instructions on keyboarding and musical skills continue. Mozart’s music specifically began being tested upon the effects of what this type of genre music did to the brain. The conclusion of the research showed that when students took some sort of musical tra ining course or were instructed to learn Mozart melodies, they scored approximately thirty percent higher on some type of spatial temporal reasoning. More specifically, this type of spatial reasoning is specifically designed for solving problemsShow MoreRelatedLouis Armstrong And Duke Ellington804 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom New Orleans and I feel closer to him. Before Armstrong had a great influenced on jazz music there was the Dixieland. So, before Louis Armstrong came around everyone was playing the Dixieland style of music. Dixieland style was more of the classical orchestrated structures. Within the bad everyone knew their roles and that wasn’t change. Everyone knew that the Bass was there for the low-pitched walking baseline which outlined the harmony. That the piano provided the syncopated commentary alongRead MoreTuberculosis As A Lethal Disease1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthe end of the 19th century, is known by many as the most influential vampire novel to ever be written. Dracula introduces the vampire Count Dracula, who seduces and manipulates others in his journey from Transylvania to London, thereby creating enemies in the process who attempt to defeat this creature. In many ways, Dracula symbolizes the transformation of classical vampirism to modern vampirism in literature. By the end of the 19th century, the time period when Dracula was written, the real fearRead MoreWomen in The Count of Monte Cristo973 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in The Count of Monte Cristo possess unique personalities, but intensely similar restrictions. Currently, women in the United States, as well as other countries, are able to have jobs, travel, and participate in many other activities that the ladies Dumas portrays are not allowed to. Feminist analysis of this book reveals the ways of the time and the delicate balance of society’s typical structure. In The Count of Monte Cristo, Alexandre Dumas realistically conveys that when women violate theirRead MoreMusic Makes Children Smarter : Music Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesof our brain had a major role that can progress to become intellectual when exposed to classical music, and later on, was exposed to another conclusion, that classical music, only has rapid effect in specific amount of time. Professors and theorists dispute with disagreement that listening to clas sical music is uncertain and does not necessarily make people smarter. Listening to other music other than classical, however, was proven to be more effective. Harmony Project is a nonprofit organizationRead MoreThe Little Albert Experiment And Classical Conditioning858 Words   |  4 Pagesof his talents pendants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. Watson had a plan as to what he wanted to accomplish. He new what his goals were. He had a plan as to how he wanted to conduct the Little Albert Experiment and Classical Conditioning. Watson believed that psychology shoed be seen as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science, he wanted to see the prediction and control of behavior not just the understanding of the mind (Mcleod, 2008). The Little AlbertRead MoreIs A Phobia Is An Anxiety Disorder?863 Words   |  4 Pagesbody both know that the chemotherapy is coming and so anxiety begins early, producing nausea. For this occurrence, the chemotherapy treatment is the unconditioned stimulus and the nausea is the unconditioned response. During the second phase of classical conditioning, going to the office becomes the conditioned stimulus and nausea remains as the conditioned response. In the case of the food association, a classically conditioned dislike for (and avoidance of) a particular food can develop when becomingRead MoreBenefits And Limitations Of A Physical Education Learning Theory1351 Words   |  6 Pages(Jarvis, Holford and Griffin, 2003). Psychologist, John B. Watsonoriginated the theory of behaviourism. Watsons view on the theory was to only concern itself with the study of behaviour. Watson s work was based on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, and classical conditioning. (Ausabel, 2012).It is believed that if a behavioural pattern is repeated, it eventually becomes automatic. Behavioural theorist’s view the learning process as a passive activity and believe that knowledge is given (Marton Booth, 1997Read MoreTerm Dance1063 Words   |  5 Pagespoints There are only two levels in which a choreographer can have the dancers move. Selected Answer: True Question 24 0 out of 2 points In order for the dancers to stay together while dancing, all dances have to be created to specific counts. Selected Answer: True Question 25 0 out of 2 points The three main choreographic elements of dance are: (select all that apply) creativity Question 26 0 out of 2 points One barre exercise called ____________________ is alsoRead MoreThe Effect Of Conditioned Response On Hr Student s Name Institution Abstract1695 Words   |  7 Pagesheart rate. The study used 56 participants mean age 24.20 years where 15 were male and 41 were female. The study was purely experimental where the participants were subjected to a specified tone either at rest or when hopping and then were asked to count their heart beat rate using the palpation method. The experiment took place in three phases- pre-test, training and the post-test. Heart rates results for each participant was recorded in each phase and the mean heart rate was calculated for the pre-testRead MoreBiological Constraints in Classical Conditioning1993 Words   |  8 PagesWhat are the biological constraints in Classical Conditioning? Report the procedure and results of two studies supporting your answer. Word count: 1500 words excluding references Abstract A biological constraint in learning theory refers to an inherited tendency to learn and create certain relationships, and it has been said that some species are much more readily than others in learning such behaviour. Therefore it involves the factors which make populations resistant to evolutionary change

Mavericks at Work Book Review - 1556 Words

Mavericks at Work William C. Taylor Polly Labarre Book Review Lau Wa Kwan, Edwin 11532323G MM511 Managing Organizations and People (2011/2012 Term 1) Introduction In the past 10-20 years, the environment changed vigorously due to globalization and rapid development of internet. If organizations just follow the old success formula, probably it will go out of business. In the book â€Å"Mavericks at Work†, William C. Taylor Polly Labarre mentioned how â€Å"Mavericks† leaded their company to success in this fast changing environment. According to Oxford Dictionary, Mavericks means â€Å"an unorthodox or independent-minded person†. This book showed how Mavericks’ unorthodox thinking leaded companies to success. 4 mains areas†¦show more content†¦It also had a volunteering â€Å"Wow Patrol Team† to organize celebrations, ran contests and otherwise contributed to Commerce’s culture. Everyone in the company was happy and their customers can feel it, which finally created unique experience and brand image to the customers. Controlling message received from customers Many companies see their customers as the one who only pay for their goods. Some better companies may use customer feedback to control the organization. The Mavericks further involve the customers themselves in the controlling process. An example in the book is Netflix which is a DVD rental store. It created a society where the customers can rate the movies, so others customers would follow and rented the highly rated movie. Netflix was benefited as the customers themselves forecasted the customer needs and therefore the store would not buy too much bad movies or too few good movies. Part Four: Redesigning Work People is the most important part of the company because company itself does not generate ideas but the employees do. Talents are even more important in Mavericks companies. This part mentioned how the Mavericks work in recruitment and designing structure in organizing process. Recruitment Companies usually post ads and waiting for talents to apply. The Mavericks never wait for the talents because they believe that talents almost always have a goodShow MoreRelatedLeadership and Management2878 Words   |  12 Pages(such as diversifications and acquisitions). One of Semco’s basic philosophies builds on participation and involvement and encourages all staff to give opinions. Semco staff welcomes change and view change processes as healthy and positive. (Book Review of: Maverick, 2000). 1. Free Flow of Information A saludygestion website on the Ricardo Semler and Semco S.A. states that â€Å"Semco made all of its financial data available to all employees. In fact, Semco developed a course to train employees inRead MoreThe Crisis And World Economic Recession1089 Words   |  5 Pagesto the British. But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place, America, that s shown as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before him. Regarding Unity It is that fundamental belief , it is that fundamental belief, I am my brother s keeper, I am my sisters keeper ,that makes this country work. and There s not a black America and white America and Latino AmericaRead MoreEssay Lincoln and His Generals Book Report1231 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln and His Generals Book Review Lincoln and His Generals is a book by Thomas Williams that focuses on the Civil War as being the first modern war and the way President Lincoln lead his divided nation during this dark historic time. Williams introduces the Union army as one that has no shape to it. This includes the lack of any plan of attack, as the thought of war had not been converted into any type of scheme. The armies lacked organization and communication, and existing generals wereRead More Lincoln and His Generals by T. Harry Williams Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagescontinued education into graduate school was mainly due to the lack of work during the Great Depression. He went on to earn a Ph.M. in 1932, and Ph.D. in 1937, from the University of Wisconsin (Dawson 431). Lincoln and His Generals was the breakthrough book for Williams who had only written one book previously. This book provided him with many national and local acclaims. He book was on the best seller list, he received rave reviews in national publications, and scholarly awards where he was teachingRead MoreKolbs learning cycle4136 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Contents S. No. Particulars Page No. 1. Cover page 1 2. Contents 2 3. Introduction 3 4. Kolb’s learning cycle (Exercise 1) 3-6 5. Peer review of Exercise 1 6-7 6. Organisational Culture (Exercise 2) 7-9 7. Peer review of exercise 2 9 8. Avoiding Redundancies (Exercise 3) 10 9. Group review Peer review of exercise 3 11 10. Conclusion 12 11. Referencing 12-13 1. Introduction The report consists of various topics explained for a better understandingRead MoreManagement Guru Jack Welch - Inspirational Visionary2858 Words   |  12 Pages2001 served as corporate consultant to a group of Fortune 500 companies, all in different industries B. Wrote New York Times best seller Straight from the Gut published in Sept. 2001 Has a new book coming out in 2005 entitled Winning a how-to book with Suzy Wetlaufer, former Harvard Business Review editor and Welch s fiancà ©e. Management Guru Jack Welch - Inspirational Visionary Jack Welch is one of America s best known and most highly respected corporate CEO s of all time. Vadim KotelnikovRead MoreEssay about Career Biography of Jack Welch2772 Words   |  12 Pagesserved as corporate consultant to a group of Fortune 500 companies, all in different industries B. Wrote New York Times best seller â€Å"Straight from the Gut† published in Sept. 2001 Has a new book coming out in 2005 entitled â€Å"Winning† a how-to book with Suzy Wetlaufer, former Harvard Business Review editor and Welchs fiancà ©e. Management Guru Jack Welch - Inspirational Visionary Jack Welch is one of America’s best known and most highly respected corporate CEO’s of all time. Vadim Kotelnikov’sRead MoreNew Right Conservatism2012 Words   |  9 Pageswere taken further, some examples being wholesale labour market deregulation (e.g. WorkChoices), the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), the privatisation of the telecommunications monopoly Telstra, and sweeping welfare reform including work for the dole. The H. R. Nicholls Society, a think tank which advocates full workplace deregulation, contains some Liberal MPs as members and is seen to be of the New Right. Economic liberalism, also called economic rationalism in Australia, wasRead MoreEssay on Flight in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses1845 Words   |  8 Pagesin All the Pretty Horses relies solely on John Grady’s decision to â€Å"run† from his familiar ranch-life in San Angelo, it is important to determine his reasons for leaving. The decay of western civilization casts a long shadow over all of McCarthy’s work, especially in this novel (M. Bell, 2). Ranch life is synonymous with McCarthy’s fictional character of John Grady Cole. When John Grady realizes that his ranch is to be sold, his very way of life is shattered. His normal routine is rocked when hisRead MoreCatholic s Response For The New Atheism2372 Words   |  10 Pagesdissect the claims of the New Atheist and show how the Catholic Church responds as well as showing the Churches proof of the existence of God . Background For one to fully understand the meaning and importance of the concept of New Atheism one must review the history of Atheism. Although the word Atheism did not coin its name until the late 16th century, the earliest possible examples of atheism can be found in the involvement of Eastern Religions in 6th century B.C. These religions include Jainism

The Death and Journey of the Egyptian Soul Free Essays

No other country- not even China or India had such a long history as Ancient Egypt. For nearly, 3,000 years before the birth of Jesus, the Egyptians had already a high developed civilization. The Egyptians lived in an orderly government; they built great stone structures; most of important of all they established an acquired religion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death and Journey of the Egyptian Soul or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the Egyptians there was no break between their religious beliefs and their daily life. Even their culture would all lie at the bottom compared to their religious beliefs. For an example, Egyptian art was never reflected as a representation; however, it was a sense of symbolic pictures that spoke of the life of the gods and the hope of eternity to come. This desire for the renewal of life, and the creative urge to ensure it by ritual and symbolism existed in Egypt from the earliest times of the Neolithic Era. Archaeologist were able to uncover clay figurines of Osiris laced with sprouting corn. As the corn grew the model would open, as an image of life-in- death. Archaeologist were also able to find that their people also liked to keep the dead close to them. The Egyptians soon came to believe deeply that the good administration of the dead, just like the management of the Nile†s water could lead to an everlasting life. Many think of the Ancient Egyptians as a morbid, death-obsessed people. We think of this because all of what we have uncovered is mummies, tombs, and graves. However, we know more about the Egyptians in death than what we know about their lives. Since, the earliest times the Egyptians were very passionately concerned with the continued existence of their loved ones and their souls. The idea that Osiris had passes through death and risen into a new life was deeply rooted in the Egyptian consciousness that Osiris had to struggle against the forces of evil. So did the human soul now following him to gain eternity. By 2,500 BCE, helpful instructions, known as the pyramid texts were carved or painted on tomb walls to help the soul act in the various trials of it journey in the Netherworld (also referred to as the Under World). A thousand years later, in the New Kingdom, these instructions had been formalized into The Coming into Day, or The Egyptian Book of the Dead. This magical text for the underworld journey was a set of spells, incantations, and mummification techniques designed to help the dead person resurrect into a glorious afterlife in â€Å"heaven, † or â€Å"The Hall of the Two Truths. † These mystical texts are from the New Kingdom. The similar ones that were found in the pyramids from the Old Kingdom, and the coffins were from the Middle Kingdom. One can imagine these text by thinking about how church rituals are run. One goes to church, and the rituals are holy texts that come from a book known as the bible or genesis. In Ancient Egypt, these burial rituals are not read from a book. At first, they are read directly off of the wall in inner chambers of a pyramid; later they were read directly off sides of the coffins. The Coming into Day, which was from the New Kingdom, was read off of papyrus sheets, much as religious rituals are today as they are read out of books. The Book of the Dead was to be relatively cheap to purchase. As an Egyptian that had more riches in the New Kingdom, one would be able to buy a copy that would have blanks where the names go. A scribe would be hired to insert the name in all those blank spots. In the text, the blank spots were the name of the deceased. The letter â€Å"N† indicates it. If there were no name to be put in it they would refer to the Dead person as â€Å"N†. Wealthy Egyptians had a personalized version prepared before their death so many versions have been discovered. One of the most famous one was created for Ani, a Royal Scribe, who lived during the nineteenth dynasty, and died in 1250 BC. If one were to die or a loved one dies, one would be buried with the papyrus scroll. As a result, a few of these texts survived. In the book the body was represented as the Ka. The Ka was the spiritual body that everyone had, which was the mirror image of the physical body. When a person died it was the Ka, which lived on in the underworld. The Ka was not trapped inside a material body but lived symbiotically with it. This was why it was so vital to preserve the bodies of those who were believed to be living in the future world. In many of the great Egyptian tombs, spare heads and hearts were buried with the mummified body in case the mummy should be damaged. Many of the spells in the book for the dead are for protecting the physical body so that the Ka body could live free and happy in the Underworld. One of the most well renowned parts in the book of the dead is the Hall of Maat, which is first introduced in the book. The Hall of Matt is where the judgement of the dead was preformed. The goddess Matt stands for truth, justice, morality and balance. The symbol that was used to shows one†s innocence was the â€Å"heart†. The Egyptians believed the heart was one of the most sacred parts of the body. In the Book of the Dead, it was the heart that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy of joining Osiris in the afterlife. In the book Anubis, the Jackal god of embalming leads â€Å"N† to the scales of Maat to be weighed. Anubis then weighs the heart against the feather to see if it is worthy. As, Thoth, the god of wisdom is right next to the scale recording the results. If passing this test one will be brought by Horus to meet Osiris, the king of the dead. To claim the purity and the principles of a sinless life is known as â€Å"The Declaration of Innocence. Here during the Declarations of Independence, â€Å"N† (the deceased one) must claim his innocence. Much of this declaration was based on causing human suffrage and about taking care of everything that surrounds them. Many of these ethical laws pertain to the work social and personal goals according to Truth. It was important for â€Å"N† to declare innocence because nothing evil shall happen to go against â€Å"N† because â€Å"N† has proven innocence. After the declaration of innocence it was vital for â€Å"N† to know the name of the Gods. It was important for the deceased to know these names because the Gods lived on Truth. Hail to you, O you who are in the Hall of Justice who have no lies in your bodies, who live on truth and gulp down truth in the presence of Horus who is in his disc. † Since the Gods lived on Truth it was up to the Gods to save and protect the soul of the deceased. That was the start of the introductory hymns to the Gods, which took up the first few chapters. One in particular is the Re, the Sun God. The ancient Egyptians considered Re as the creator of people. That is conceivably why Re is the first God mentioned in the Book of the Dead. Another God in the first few chapters is Osiris. Osiris is the god of death and re-birth, underworld and earth. Primarily in the first few chapters are hymns and praises to Gods. The beginning of the book is a transition to what I feel is the most important part, the afterlife rituals. Starting at chapter†s twenty-one and twenty-two, the giving to obtain an afterlife begins. One that stuck out to me was chapter two. This chapter is for out into the day and living after. â€Å"O you Sole One who shine in the moon, O you Sole One who glow in the sun, may Ani go forth from among those multitudes of yours who are outside, may those who in the sunshine release him†¦ This section from the chapter means that the Sole One, you; is being freed into the daylight. An additional chapter that was very interesting was chapter seventy-four. This chapter talked about being swift-footed when going out from the earth. Part of the chapter reads, â€Å"I shine in the sky, I ascend to the sky. † This means to me that your passage to afterlife should be buoyant and easy. Many of the chapters were alike to one another in the middle of the book; however, each had a very distinct difference from one another. The book it seems to refer to how to obtain an afterlife. That starts out with the process of giving a mouth, magic, heart, or etc†¦ for Ani begins. One part of the body that is given is the mouth. The mouth would be open by Ptah, who was the human god the creator of Memphis would open the mouth. This part was fairly important in the book because â€Å"N† would be able to speak in the presence of the Gods. By this it also protects â€Å"N†. â€Å"As for any magic spell of any words which may be uttered against me, the gods will rise up against it, even the entire Ennead. † Another section of the book that was fascination was the chapters about transformation. These began and lasted from chapters seventy to eighty. One of the main chapters in the section was the transformation from human to a divine falcon. In the chapter it indeed depicts the actual transformation from the entry to the passage out. In this chapter there was also a real dialogue between character, which I found to be odd considering it was only the second dialogue was used besides the beginning of the book. The falcon must be one of the most important creatures in ancient Egypt because of its mention if the Book of the Dead and it†s use in the Egyptian writing, hieroglyphics. Another transformation is from human to crocodile. That is very interesting because there is also a transformation into a swallow. The connection between both is somewhat odd because a crocodile is supposed to evil and a swallow is a symbol of innocence. Those transformations are quite the opposite. The chapters were very interesting on the transformations because it was uncanny to see what the Egyptians thought of some of the animals and birds. My favorite chapter of the whole book was the Hall of the Two Truths. The Hall of Two Truths is where a person†s would and actions from their life get weighed. If the balance is even between good and evil, the soul is sent to an afterlife. If the evil side over weighs the good side, then the person is sent to a bad place. The person must actually ask, â€Å"Do you know the names of the upper and lower portions of the doors? † This I think means have you weighed my good and evil. Then the person says, â€Å"Lord of Truth, Master of his Two Legs† is the name of the upper portion; ‘Lord of Strength, the One who commands the Cattle is the name of the Lower. â€Å"† These I think means did my good outweigh my evil. This chapter was the most interesting to me because it really described what happens at the hall of the Two Truths. The lives of the ancient Egyptians were based upon religious gods and texts. The Egyptian Book of the Dead was perhaps the most important written record of the importance. It was essentially a book of praises and hymns to the Egyptian Gods. This book was one of the many ways to enter a complete afterlife. The Egyptian society heavily believed and based their lives on the Book of the Dead is on it phrases and hymns to the ancient Egyptian Gods and afterlife passage. The rest of the book just ends with what it started out with, which were eulogistic praises to the Gods. Reading the Book of the Dead made me think more about how religious the Egyptians truly were. I think the Book of the Dead was in fact the key of their whole culture. If they hadn†t believed so strongly in something their purpose of living might have ceased to exist because afterlife is what made them go on with their lives and essentially the Book of the Dead was the passage to their blissful afterlife. The Egyptians probably had one of the most influential civilizations in all of history and the Book of the Dead was one of the key elements that made Egyptians have such a strong era. How to cite The Death and Journey of the Egyptian Soul, Essay examples

Barack Obama Back to school free essay sample

And in his speech Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to School Event held in Arlington, Virginia on September 8, 2009, he addresses to the Americans students the Importance of education and emphasizes that the responsibility to do well In school Lies with the students themselves. This is a responsibility that they have to meet, not only for their own sake but for the sake of their country. President Obama emphasizes the Importance of education and self-responsibility to children from kindergarten to 12th grade.Children at that age can be difficult to address to, especially with such a big size of group, so Obama must use various approaches to make it possible. He talks to them as an equal so young audience can identify with him and not only see him as the President. He uses a simple and informal language with many repetitions and examples they can relate to. He starts out by saying Hello everyone wows everybody doing today? (Page 1, line 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama: Back to school or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He speaks directly to the audience to get their attention. He needs the attention from the children and hold on them to get through with his message. He does that by gaining their respect for him and shows that he sincerely cares about them. In the beginning of the speech Obama tells about his story from when he was young. How he was raised by his mother who did not had any money to take him to school, so she had to give him lessons at home at 4:30 in the morning. He also mentions things he did he is not proud of that got him in troubles. Then Obama shares and opens up about his personal stories, he uses ethos In his arguments to Increase his reliability with the audience.It makes It easier for Obama to get through with his message when the people he talks to have his respect. Obama starts stressing his message after he has achieved the audiences attention. Obama has two main messages In his speech. The first one is that the self- responsibility of the education Lies with the student. Maybe the parents and the teachers also have some responsibility for the student, but it all comes the student none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your 2, line 30).The students will not have everything served for them; it is their turn to take action and take responsibility for their choices. The second one Is that the students also have a responsibility for the nation. The nation depends on the students to get a well education. The future of the nation lies with the students to be a functional part of the US society so the nation can operate and compete What youre learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges In the future. (Page 2, lines 52-54). Obama Is addressing to the students patriotic American inside them. Most American is raised to be patriotic and Obama knows hot to make 1 OFF nation, and every student has the responsibility to their nation We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect If you dont do that if you tit on school youre not Just quitting on yourself, youre quitting on your country. (Page 2, lines 62-64). Obama begins to speak about how hard work is the most important key to success.Everybody has the opportunity to succeed. Here he indirectly refers to the American Dream; with hard work you can accomplish everything. Where you are right now doesnt have to determine where youll end up. No ones written your destiny for you. Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future. (Page 3, lines 88-90). He uses himself and Michelle Obama, the first lady, while using pathos as examples of people who started from the button with bad conditions and build up to become successful.He comes up with three other cases than himself: Jazzing, Android and Shanties arent any different from any of you. They faced challenges in their lives Just like you do. But they refused to give up. They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves. And I expect all of you to do the same(Page 4, lines 105-107) Obama uses the sponsorship effect to create ethos. He also uses Michael Cordons and J. K. Railings story to get it out that you cannot succeed without failing. Obama uses persons who are idol to many so they get inspired to try to accomplish the same success. He wants the students to understand that if they want to be successful, they need to set goals for themselves and take responsibility for their education for that to happen. Throughout the speech, Obama uses a number of different strategies to affect the broad group of audience. By use concrete example they can relate to with a language everybody is able to understand, he inspires and motivates the young people who is the future of the USA.